Review on Modification in Tomato Genome by Genome Editing Tools

Abstract

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a globally important horticultural crop with significant nutritional, economic, and industrial value. However, its production is frequently challenged by biotic stresses such as bacterial wilt and viral infections, abiotic stresses including drought, salinity, and temperature fluctuations, and substantial post-harvest losses. Traditional breeding methods, while valuable, often lack precision and are time-consuming. This review highlights the transition from conventional breeding to advanced genetic technologies, focusing on genome editing tools such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and particularly the CRISPR/Cas9 system. CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized tomato improvement by enabling precise, efficient, and inheritable genome modifications, enhancing traits such as fruit quality, shelf life, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. Additionally, modern approaches like RNA interference (RNAi), marker-assisted selection, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation have contributed significantly to functional genomics and trait development. Post-harvest loss management strategies, including biological, chemical, and physical interventions, are also discussed. This review underscores the role of modern biotechnological tools in sustainable tomato production and offers insights into future directions for genetic improvement to meet the challenges of global food security and climate change.